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Physician Transactions

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Our Physician Transactions Team combines deep industry knowledge with practical, business-focused solutions derived from experience with hundreds of transactions across a myriad of physician specialties. We understand the unique challenges facing physician practices and deliver tailored strategies that align with their goals, specialty, and market dynamics.

Overview


As the health care landscape grows more complex, physician groups are seeking strategic solutions to remain competitive and financially sustainable. Baker Donelson offers comprehensive legal guidance for physician transactions, helping practices navigate strategic opportunities such as affiliations, acquisitions, mergers, restructurings, or innovative partnerships. Our team delivers tailored guidance that aligns with each group's goals, specialty, and market dynamics.

Physician Transactions Are Accelerating

Independent physician practices are under significant pressure from multiple market forces, including:

  • Rising Costs and Inflation: Operational and administrative expenses continue to climb, making it increasingly difficult for small and mid-sized physician practices to maintain financial stability.
  • Reimbursement Challenges: Medicare and commercial payor reimbursement rates have not kept pace with inflation, eroding margins for independent physician groups.
  • Heightened Competition: Large and well-capitalized organizations, including health systems, national practice management companies, and publicly traded health care entities, are rapidly expanding, making it harder for smaller practices to compete for patients, talent, and market share.

In the face of these pressures, many physician groups are exploring strategic transactions to achieve operational scale, access to capital, and long-term stability.

Our Experience in Physician Transactions

Baker Donelson has extensive experience advising physician groups of all sizes and specialties nationwide on a vast array of strategic transactions to position them for success, including:

  • Sales and consolidations with national physician services companies and private equity-backed platforms.
  • Restructurings to form management services organizations (MSOs) and administrative services organizations (ASOs).
  • Medical group combinations to form larger "mega groups", "supergroups" and specialty networks.
  • Mergers and consolidations of larger medical groups and hospital systems.
  • Affiliations with hospitals and health systems, such as professional service agreements (PSAs) and service-line co-management agreements with hospitals.
  • Joint ventures for clinical service lines with hospitals and national companies (e.g., ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs), imaging centers, urgent care, etc.).
  • Formation and acquisitions of accountable care organizations (ACOs), clinically integrated networks (CINs), and independent practice associations (IPAs).

Regulatory Compliance

Our team has decades of experience navigating the complex regulatory requirements that affect physician practices and play a critical role in due diligence for these transactions. Our attorneys provide guidance on:

  • Stark Law and Anti-Kickback Statute compliance, and similar state laws, including financial relationship structuring, referral arrangements, and fair market value determinations.
  • Corporate practice of medicine and fee-splitting regulations for each state.
  • Medicare and Medicaid regulations, including billing, documentation, provider enrollment, and reimbursement requirements.
  • State health care transaction review laws, which can elongate the sign-to-close period and introduce regulatory risk into the dealmaking process.
  • HIPAA compliance, including business associate agreements, cybersecurity policies, and breach notification requirements.
  • State medical board licensing, credentialing, and disciplinary requirements.
  • Federal and State employment and benefits laws, including overtime laws, family leave laws, anti-discrimination laws (disability/ADA, racial, age, gender, etc.), and ERISA/benefit plan compliance.

This comprehensive approach to regulatory compliance is essential, as physician groups today operate in a health care environment defined by rapid change and increasing complexity.

To succeed in this landscape, physician groups are pursuing innovative strategies, including the development and expansion of ancillary services tailored to their specialty, and forming strategic partnerships to access capital, operational experience, and executive leadership. By collaborating with experienced teams of CEOs, COOs, CFOs, and VPs in managed care, human resources, IT, and revenue cycle management, practices can streamline workflows, optimize reimbursement and compliance, invest in technology, expand service offerings, and foster a culture of continuous improvement.

Our deep experience spans a broad range of specialties, including:

  • Cardiology
  • Concierge Medicine and Primary Care
  • Dermatology, Aesthetics, and Plastic Surgery
  • Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) and Allergy
  • Fertility, Reproductive Medicine, and Women's Health
  • Gastroenterology
  • Neurosurgery and Neurology
  • Oncology
  • Ophthalmology, Retina, and Optometry
  • Orthopedics, Spine Surgery, and Pain Management
  • Pediatrics
  • Urology
  • Vascular and Vein

This experience uniquely positions us to deliver tailored strategies that support physician groups in achieving clinical excellence and sustainable growth.

Results may vary depending on your particular facts and legal circumstances. Some of these matters were handled by a current Baker Donelson professional while associated with a prior firm.

  • General Physicians Transactions

  • Served as transactional and regulatory counsel to a large multidisciplinary medical group with more than 40 practice locations in the Northeast (including urgent care centers) in an acquisition by a health care company (and its affiliates) as well as several add-on acquisitions over the following year.

  • Represented multiple physician groups in connection with mergers and asset or stock purchase transactions.

  • Reorganization of hospital system-acquired physician practices into a Stark-compliant captive group practice.

  • Guided shareholders of a medical practice based in Massachusetts in their strategic partnership with a private equity platform, which involved considerable corporate and tax structuring, the sale of assets and goodwill at closing, migration of assembled workforce post-closing, and entering into administrative services, employment, and other agreements governing post-closing relationships. This transaction was the private equity platform's first expansion into the state and therefore required negotiations around applicable non-compete restrictions and other state-specific issues, such as physician-hospital organization reimbursement matters.

  • Represented private equity firms and their portfolio companies and publicly traded companies in platform and tuck-in (add-on) mergers and acquisitions of physician practices (pediatric, behavioral health, ketamine obstetrics/gynecology, primary care, multi-specialty, orthopedic, urgent care vascular, emergency medicine, and more) and dental practices.

  • Represented physician groups in separations from hospitals, sales to national companies, and joint ventures with private equity firms and publicly traded companies (cardiology, orthopedic, neurosurgery, dermatology, ophthalmology, anesthesiology, radiology, and more).

  • Represented various medical practices on their respective sales/affiliations with private equity-backed platforms.

  • Represented sellers and purchasers of medical and dental practices.

  • Represented a client in successfully obtaining certificates of need (CON) for five primary care offices located in Washington, D.C. The project involved developing a strategy, preparing applications and supplemental materials, and coordinating with regulators.

  • Cardiology

  • Closed the sale of the largest independent cardiology practice to private equity. The sale added 90 cardiologists and 50 advanced practice providers specializing in all areas of cardiovascular care, as well as 30 locations, to a platform primarily based in the Southern U.S.

  • Advised a cardiology group located in Texas in the sale of their practice and ASC to a large Texas health system.

  • Advised a large cardiology practice in Colorado on its extraction from a purchase and sale agreement (PSA) with a large health system and its subsequent strategic private equity investment transaction.

  • Represented a cardiology group in its sale to a large New Jersey health system.

  • Represented a cardiology group in Colorado in its negotiation of a PSA with a large Colorado health system.

  • Represented a cardiology practice in the mid-Atlantic region in connection with a sale transaction with a private equity sponsor.

  • Represented a cardiology practice and its office-based labs and ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) in connection with a sale to a regional health system.

  • Represented a large cardiology group in Colorado in an extraction from a health system and a new transaction with a private equity-backed platform.

  • Represented a large Midwestern cardiovascular group in a transaction with a private equity-backed platform.

  • Represented a cardiology group in an affiliation with a large New York health system.

  • Represented a large cardiology group in Maryland in the renewal and amendment of its affiliation with a Maryland health system.

  • Represented a cardiology group in an extraction from a national practice and a new affiliation with a health system.

  • Concierge Medicine and Primary Care

  • Represented a large primary care practice located in the mid-Atlantic region in connection with a sale to a payor.

  • Represented a large primary care practice in connection with a sale to a national strategic company.

  • Represented a primary care group in a renewal and amendment of its professional services agreement with a health system.

  • Dermatology, Aesthetics and Plastic Surgery

  • Sale of a plastic surgery practice in New Jersey to a private equity sponsor as its first platform acquisition in the plastic surgery and reconstructive surgery space for an enterprise value of approximately $300 million in August 2021.

  • Served as transactional and regulatory counsel to a large dermatology practice in the Northeast, with multiple clinical offices located in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, in connection with a strategic partnership with, and growth investment by, one of the largest private equity firms focusing on the physicians' service sector.

  • Represented a dermatology group in a transaction with a private equity-backed platform.

  • ENT and Allergy

  • Sale of ENT practice in North Carolina to a private equity-sponsored national platform for an enterprise value of approximately $5.5 million in May 2024.

  • Represented a large ear, nose, and throat (ENT) physician group in the tri-state area in connection with its recapitalization to become a platform company of a private equity sponsor.

  • Represented an ear, nose, throat, and allergy practice in connection with a sale transaction with a private equity sponsor.

  • Represented a private equity-backed portfolio company in connection with acquiring physician practices specializing in ear, nose, throat, and allergy services.

  • Served as transactional and regulatory counsel to a large ear, nose, and throat practice, in connection with forming a management services organization and a strategic partnership with a financial partner.

  • Fertility, Reproductive Medicine, and Women's Health

  • Sale of fertility practice in Washington to a private equity-sponsored national fertility practice platform for an enterprise value of approximately $16 million in June 2024.

  • Represented a renowned reproductive medicine practice in a recapitalization transaction with a leading reproductive service provider and the U.S. arm of a global private equity firm.

  • Represented a reproductive medicine practice in connection with a sale transaction with a private equity sponsor.

  • Gastroenterology

  • Represented a gastroenterology group and surgery center in a transaction with an Ohio health system.

  • Represented a large gastroenterology group in New York in its joint venture with a national ASC management company.

  • Neurosurgery and Neurology

  • Represented a neurosurgery group in affiliation with a private equity firm.

  • Oncology

  • Counseled physicians (cardiology, gastroenterology, family medicine, internal medicine, primary care, oncology, and others) on their employment and affiliation relationships with hospitals, including professional service agreements, recruitment agreements, co-management agreements, management services agreements, and medical director arrangements.

  • Represented an oncology group in a transaction with a large oncology supergroup.

  • Orthopedics, Spine Surgery and Pain Management

  • Represented a medical practice in Nevada in its joint venture with a national ambulatory surgery center (ASC) management company.

  • Represented a large orthopedic surgery group and ambulatory surgery center in Pennsylvania in an affiliation with a large health system.

  • Represented a large orthopedic surgery group in Virginia in a transaction with a private equity-backed platform.

  • Represented an orthopedic surgery group as a founding practice in a large orthopedic surgery supergroup.

  • Assisted an orthopedic group practice in negotiating several agreements related to a strategic health partnership with a hospital system.

  • Completed the sale of a large orthopedic practice to private equity, negotiated the definitive agreements, and led the management team through the stages of the transaction to its closing and the transition to private equity ownership.

  • Negotiated the sale of an add-on orthopedic practice to an existing private equity platform and assisted in a self-disclosure and settlement on a regulatory matter.

  • Closed the sale of a practice to private equity as an add-on to a platform in another state. Given the size and prestige of the client, this was effectively a platform acquisition in Colorado. The sale required heavy negotiation focused on business goals and contractual provisions to protect the client's interest and guard against client concerns.

  • Represented orthopedic practices in connection with their respective sales to a prominent orthopedic group practice entering into the New Jersey market.

  • Pediatrics

  • Represented a strategic acquirer of pediatric practices on a national basis.

  • Handled the successful sale of a multi-office pediatric practice owned by a solo physician who wanted to sell to private equity before an anticipated state tax change expected to take place at the start of the next calendar year. Assisted the client with producing the substantial diligence requested by the acquirer and restructured the client-related entities to reduce negative tax implications pertaining to its pre-reorganization tax elections.

  • Represented a non-profit multi-service population health management and advocacy organization to launch an expansion of client services in scope and geography. Created an on-campus health clinic for the client's residents and staff and worked with affiliates (of which the client is the affiliate's corporate member) to find opportunities to provide high-quality care.

  • General Physician Transactions

  • "Private Equity and Super Groups," Foundation for Physician Advancement's Northeast Regional (November 2025)
  • "Breaking Ground with Founder Pitches," THE REAL Summit NYC: Intersection of Finance and Mental Health (October 2025)
  • "iiBIG's 17th Annual Investment and M&A Opportunities in Healthcare" (October 2025)
  • "The Intersection of PE and MSOs, Part 1: Benefits and Pre-Transaction Considerations," CV Transforum Fall '24 Conference (October 2024)
  • "Private Equity Roundtable Discussion," CV Transforum Fall'23 (October 2023)
  • "Private Equity Physician Deals: What Investors, Physicians, and Hospitals Need to Know in 2023," American Health Law Association (AHLA) Health Care Transactions 2023 Conference (April 2023)
  • "The Anatomy of a Private Equity Transaction and Process," 6th Annual Physician Transactions Conference: The Future of Healthcare Conference Series™ (March 2023)
  • "The (Still) Robust Market for Physician Groups," 6th Annual Physician Transactions Conference, The Future of Healthcare Conference Series™ (March 2023)
  • "The Anatomy of a Physician Group Transaction with Private Equity," 2022 Physician Transactions Conference (March 2022)
  • "Key Terms and Protections for Physicians in Sale Transactions," Physician Transactions Conference, The Future of Healthcare Conference Series® (February 2022)
  • "The Process of Undergoing a Strategic Medical Practice Transaction," 2021 Physician Transactions Conference (April 2021)
  • "Assessing Strategic Options and Practice Value in the Wake of the Pandemic," 2021 Physician Transactions Conference (April 2021)
  • "Exit Planning and Strategic Transactions for Physician Groups," AllianceBernstein (June 2020)
  • "Part 3: The Transaction Process, Key Protections for Physicians, and How to Prepare," Physician Group Transactions 2020 (May 2020)
  • "Part 2: Beyond the First Partnership – Second Bites and More," Physician Group Transactions 2020 (April 2020)
  • "Part 1: What's Going On, and What Do You Need to Know?," Physician Group Transactions 2020 (April 2020)
  • "Physician Group Strategic Transactions on the Rise," The Future of Health Care Conference Series (April 2019)
  • Orthopedics

  • "The Business of Private Practice Orthopedics: Current Challenges & Practical Recommendations for Success," 2025 American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons (AAHKS) Annual Meeting (October 2025)
  • "Partnering with Industry," Annual MSK Business Summit (October 2025)
  • "Anatomy of a Partnership Transaction: What to Expect at Each Stage," 2025 Physician Transactions Conference: Orthopedic & Spine, The Future of Healthcare Conference Series® (March 2025)
  • "A New Strategic Option to Consider – ESOPs for Medical Groups," 2025 Physician Transactions Conference: Orthopedic & Spine, The Future of Healthcare Conference Series® (March 2025)
  • "Keynote Panel: 'Life After Closing' of a Partnership Transaction from the Perspective of Orthopedic Surgeons Who Pursued Different Strategic Options," 2025 Physician Transactions Conference: Orthopedic & Spine, The Future of Healthcare Conference Series® (March 2025)
  • "How to 'Extricate' from a Hospital PSA or Employment Agreement that is Not 'Working Out' to Participate in a Strategic Transaction," 2025 Physician Transactions Conference: Orthopedic & Spine, The Future of Healthcare Conference Series® (March 2025)
  • "How Orthopedic & Spine Groups Are Valued and How to Maximize Practice Value by Getting Your House in Order," 2025 Physician Transactions Conference: Orthopedic & Spine, The Future of Healthcare Conference Series® (March 2025)
  • "How to Navigate the Changing Competitive Landscape: Partnership Strategies for Orthopedic Group Executives," AAOE (January 2025)
  • "Private Orthopedic Groups: Latest Updates, Pros & Cons, Second Bites, 'Life After Closing,' and Other Strategic Options," AAHKS Annual Meeting 2024 (November 2024)
  • "Private Equity in Orthopedics: Opportunities, Challenges, and Strategic Insights," American Alliance of Orthopaedic Executives (AAOE) 2024 Annual Conference (April 2024)
  • "Optimizing Your Program's Value: Pre- and Post-Transaction Strategies," CV Transforum Spring 2024 Conference (April 2024)
  • "State-of-the-State of Orthopaedics: Private Equity and Mergers/Acquisitions in Health Care: Acquisitions in Health Care," American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) 2024 Annual Meeting (February 2024)
  • "Mini-Symposium on Private Equity & Orthopedic Surgeons," AAHKS Annual Meeting 2023 (November 2023)
  • "Returns, Risks, and Rewards: Structuring Strategic Transactions for ASCs and Surgery Groups," 29th Annual Becker's ASCS Conference (October 2023)
  • "Deep Dive on Private Equity Deals for Orthopaedic Groups," Orthopaedic Summit 2023 (September 2023)
  • "Latest Trends on Orthopaedic Group Transactions and Outlook for Q4 of 2023 & 2024," Orthopaedic Summit 2023 (September 2023)
  • "The Top Reasons Why So Many Orthopaedic Groups Are Pursuing Private Equity Transactions," Orthopaedic Summit 2023 (September 2023)
  • "How to Extricate Yourself from a Hospital PSA or Employment Agreement to Be Able to Benefit from a Lucrative Private Equity Transaction," Orthopaedic Summit 2023 (September 2023)
  • "Life After Closing of a PE Deal, from the Perspective of Six Mid-Career Orthopaedic Surgeons Who Partnered with Six Different Private Equity Platforms," Orthopaedic Summit 2023 (September 2023)
  • "How to Maximize Your Practice's Value by 'Getting Your House in Order'," Orthopaedic Summit 2023 (September 2023)
  • "Understanding Private Equity: Is It for You?," American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM) Annual Meeting (July 2023)
  • "Strategic Transactions for Spine, Orthopedic, and Pain Management Groups," Spine, Orthopedic + Pain Management-Driven ASC Conference (June 2023)
  • "Contract Negotiations for the Young Arthroplasty Surgeon," American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons (AAHKS) Fellows Orthopaedic Continued AAHKS Learning (FOCAL) Committee (November 2020)
  • Cardiology & Vascular

  • "MedAxiom CV Transforum Fall 2025 Conference" (October 2025)
  • "A New Strategic Option to Consider – ESOPs for Medical Groups," 2025 Physician Transactions Conference: Cardiology, The Future of Healthcare Conference Series® (March 2025)
  • "Keynote Panel: 'Life After Closing' of a Partnership Transaction from the Perspective of Cardiologists Who Pursued Different Strategic Options," 2025 Physician Transactions Conference: Cardiology, The Future of Healthcare Conference Series® (March 2025)
  • "How to 'Extricate' from a Hospital PSA or Employment Agreement that is Not 'Working Out' to Participate in a Strategic Transaction," 2025 Physician Transactions Conference: Cardiology, The Future of Healthcare Conference Series® (March 2025)
  • "How Cardiology Groups Are Valued and How to Maximize Practice Value by Getting Your House in Order," 2025 Physician Transactions Conference: Cardiology, The Future of Healthcare Conference Series® (March 2025)
  • "Anatomy of a Partnership Transaction: What to Expect at Each Stage," 2025 Physician Transactions Conference: Cardiology, The Future of Healthcare Conference Series® (March 2025)
  • "Maximizing Value and Protecting Physicians in Strategic Partnerships," MedAxiom, an American College of Cardiology Company (September 2024)
  • "Private Equity Partnerships with Physicians in Hospital Relationships – Navigating the Waters," MedAxiom, an American College of Cardiology Company (July 2024)
  • Dermatology and Aesthetics

  • "Scaling Smart: Unlocking Partnership and Acquisition Opportunities in Aesthetics," 2025 Global Aesthetics Conference (November 2025)
  • Specialty Pharmacy

  • "Taking Your Pharmacy to the Next Level: Selling to Private Equity," 2025 NASP Annual Meeting (September 2025)

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